Question 19. How do you think new developments should support healthy lifestyles?

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. It is considered that the promoted developments at land east and west of St Mary’s Lane in Great Abington would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. There is open space and recreation areas within Great Abington. The sites are accessible to the services and facilities within Great Abington by walking and cycling. The promoted developments would be well-related to the transport infrastructure improvements proposed in the Greater Cambridge Partnership’s Cambridge South East Transport project, which includes cycle routes to Granta Park and Babraham Research Campus, travel hubs, greenways, and the new public transport route into Cambridge.

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. The promoted development at Land at Park Lane in Dry Drayton would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. The promoted development would include open space. It accessible to the services and facilities in Dry Drayton by walking and cycling. It would be well-related to the walking and cycling improvements on Madingley Road proposed by the Greater Cambridge Partnership.

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. It is considered that the promoted development at land rear of 113 Cottenham Road in Histon would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. The promoted development would include open space and green infrastructure, and it is adjacent to an area allocated for new open space. The site is accessible to the services and facilities within Histon by walking and cycling. There are existing on and off road cycle routes within Histon and to and from neighbouring areas. The Greater Cambridge Partnership is currently delivering cycle improvements along Histon Road into Cambridge. The site is accessible to the good range of services and facilities provided in Histon, including the supermarkets and other small convenience stores, doctor’s surgery and pharmacy and dentist, which are all related to supporting healthy lifestyles.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community.This can improve emotional resilience in children young people • Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport. • It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people.

See previous questions regarding new green infrastructure, new non-car means of travel i.e. pedestrian and cycle linkages, and co-locating housing close to existing/planned employment areas. This is of particularly relevant to locations which are close to public transport routes or within easy cycling distance of Cambridge and major employers.

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. The promoted development of Land at Meadow Drift, Elsworth would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. In particular, the provision of allotments as part of the proposals align with the national policy and guidance mentioned above.

See previous responses regarding new green infrastructure, new non-car means of travel i.e. pedestrian and cycle linkages, and co-locating housing close to existing/planned employment areas.

By facilitating, encouraging, supporting and enabling cycling and walking as the dominant form of transport for most people most of the time. And discouraging, reducing and constraining private car ownership and use by the able-bodied. By mixing housing, leisure, libraries, health services, schools, community and employment facilities and opportunities so that real local communities can evolve organically. No more sterile car-based dormitory developments with (at best) a single poison-infested “convenience store”.

5.23 Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example 5.24 NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy.

Easy access to schools so that all residents can walk or cycle to school More parks, green spaces, outdoor gyms, tennis courts and swimming pools/areas. Improved rubbish management. More bins that are regularly emptied. Bins should always offer recycling.

By discouraging car use and encouraging walking and cycling as the default means of transport.

See previous questions regarding new green infrastructure, new non-car means of travel and co-locating housing and existing/planned employment areas.

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. It is considered that the promoted development at land south of Old House Road in Balsham would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. As set out the call for sites submission, the promoted development would include two areas of open space. The site is also is accessible to the services and facilities within Balsham by walking and cycling, including the playing fields.

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. It is considered that the promoted development at land south of St Neots Road Eltisely would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. The promoted development would include open space. It is accessible to the services and facilities within Eltisely by walking and cycling and would be able to connect to the planned public transport improvements along the A428 including the new bus routes and park and ridge facilities, CAM and east-west rail.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community. • Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, • It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be less convenient, circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where 'cyclist dismount' signs are installed. • The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport.

As for previous answer, availability of walking and cycling routes should be considered and drawn up right from the outset when new developments are being planned. If it will not be possible for those living or working in a new development to cycle or walk for the services they need then the development should be rejected. This should also be the case for siting of new schools. No new school should be opened until safe walking and cycling routes are already available. All new developments (both housing and employment) should include good provision of cycling infrastructure - not a as an add on, but something included from the outset Green space should be made accessible to all (including wheelchair users) and networks of green space should be well linked in with cycling and walking routes . Multifunctional green space should consider provisions for amenity (including youth...pump tracks etc. and parks for families) as well as provision of “wilder areas” where people can feel more connected to nature. Adequate dog bins should be available, along with plans for their regular servicing and/or separate dog walking areas should be considered. Tree cover should be increased across the areas covered by this Local Plan and sites where it is also multifunctional (amenity value, pollution barrier along roads, safety barrier for walkers and cyclists, trees and natural space outside medical clinics and hospitals to enhance well being and patient recovery etc.). Developers should consider needs for adapted/adaptable homes and minimum numbers to be included in a development should be considered. Developments should include community space and designed for this to be multifunctional Community allotments should be considered for new developments or other dedicated places to grow food

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England Healthy Towns Initiatives identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. It is considered that the developments promoted by Endurance Estates in Bassingbourn would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles. As set out the call for sites submissions, the promoted developments would include open space and green infrastructure. The sites are all accessible to the services and facilities within Bassingbourn by walking and cycling. There are outdoor recreation areas, a sport centre, doctor’s surgery, dentist and pharmacy in the village, which are all related to supporting healthy lifestyles.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community. • Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, • It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be less convenient, circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where 'cyclist dismount' signs are installed. • The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport.

Paragraph 91 of the NPPF seeks to deliver healthy, inclusive and safe places, and identifies a number of approaches to support healthy lifestyles. It promotes social interaction through mixed-use developments, strong neighbourhood centres, street layouts that include pedestrian and cycle connections, and active street frontages for example. It enables and supports healthy lifestyles, by providing green infrastructure, sports facilities, local shops, access to healthier food, allotments, and layouts that encourage walking and cycling for example. NHS England’s ‘Healthy Towns Initiatives’ identified ten principles to deliver healthy places, which relate to the provision of health services, meeting local and community health needs, and development design matters. In terms of design matters it is suggested that compact neighbourhoods, active travel, healthy eating opportunities, play and leisure facilities would contribute towards the delivery of healthy places. The promoted development at South West Cambridge would be consistent with guidance and initiatives to support healthy lifestyles e.g. it would include open space and recreation areas, a local centre, allotments and a community orchard, as well as numerous walking and cycling routes connected to the wider local existing infrastructure.

By putting the priorities on walking, bicycling and public transport. Often cyclepaths are built which result in a longer trip for the user and hence are not used. They are also often poorly maintained, overgrown and the users don't feel safe as they don't create sufficient separation from motor vehicles. Perhaps you could remove conventional roads from main public areas altogether to emphasise that its a walking/cycling area. You could look at Limberg in Belgium (https://www.visitlimburg.be/en/cyclingthroughthetrees) who have built nice places to go cycling and which was specifically designed to address the question you ask. To encourage walking you could have a central carpark where people leave their cars. This would mean they have to walk say 200 yards there to retrieve their car should they wish to load it and drive somewhere. They may then choose just to walk to the shop instead. You could provide public transport at low cost that's affordable in money and time for people to use. You could situate various community facilities within a park. People might feel like taking a walk when they visit the doctors for example. You could incorporate car sharing schemes into the local area to help reduce car ownership which could reduce peoples dependency on this mode of transport.

Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community. • Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, • It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be less convenient, circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where 'cyclist dismount' signs are installed. • The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport.

Services and shops that can be easily walked or cycled to are important to encourage regular exercise, but it is also important that facilities are available as homes are occupied. When someone moves to a new place is the best opportunity for lifestyle changes. Several years of having to travel elsewhere by car before local facilities are available means people have already formed other habits.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community. • Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, • It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be less convenient, circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where 'cyclist dismount' signs are installed. • The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport.

Connectivity with existing settlements is vital, and connectivity between existing settlements needs to be substantially upgraded, if overall gains are to be made. More and improved foot and cycle paths are needed virtually everywhere, not just alongside commuter routes.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network for all abilities that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community. • Cycling, including mobility aids, should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, • It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be less convenient, circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings as well as space for mobility scooters and charging facilities. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where 'cyclist dismount' signs are installed. • The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport.

New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends' homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community. This is not the case for most areas in Cambridge. Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, It must not be more convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be less convenient, circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather (as in Eddington). Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. Better rubbish management should ensure bins don't litter the landscape and block paths. Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where cycle paths 'end abruptly' or 'cyclist dismount' signs are installed.

• New developments must have a safe, convenient and high-quality cycling network that connects every home, business and public transport stop. • Every child should be able to easily access their schools, local parks, and friends’ homes by foot or bike. Parents should feel safe and confident that, once their children reach a suitable age, they can allow them to walk or cycle on their own in the community • Cycling should always be the quickest and most convenient transport option for local journeys within new developments, • It must be less convenient to drive through the new development for short journeys than to cycle. Driving routes on new sites should be circuitous and directed towards the exterior of the site away from where people live and gather. • Within the site, extensive deployment of filtered permeability gives freedom to people walking or cycling to take direct routes, while preventing drivers from rat-running and endangering the public. Public transport can also benefit from filtered permeability, using bus gates or dedicated rights-of-way. • Making walking and cycling accessible for people with mobility issues will enable many more people to improve their physical health through active travel and improve their mental health and wellbeing by reducing isolation. • New developments must be designed to prevent parking on pavements • High-quality cycle parking must be provided with all buildings. • Better rubbish management should ensure bins don’t litter the landscape and block paths. • Priority over side roads must be given to people walking and cycling. • Junctions must be designed to enable people of all abilities to cycle safely through them. • The Local Plan must acknowledge that cycles are also mobility aids for many people. There should never be any situation where ‘cyclist dismount’ signs are installed. • The NHS recommends 150 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per week for adults to maintain health into old age. New developments which are planned with cycling as a priority will make this easy for people to achieve by being able to cycle as a means of transport. “Street layout and design strongly influences how people make their daily journeys. Travel by noncar modes is highest in pleasant ‘liveable’ streets with low levels of traffic, trees, interesting features, attractive shop-fronts and convenient direct lines of access to facilities like public transport.” (Taylor, 2011) “In cities such as Freiburg, Groningen and Zwolle the principle of filtered permeability is acknowledged as a key element in their success in restraining car use and promoting alternatives. Through traffic is channelled onto a limited network of main roads. Suburban developments are often designed as giant culs de sac for cars, while short cuts provide a far more permeable network for the sustainable modes. People use these modes — particularly cycling — because of the time and convenience advantage compared to travelling by car.” (Melia, 2008) “Cycling to work is linked to a substantial decrease in the risk of developing and dying from cancer or heart disease.” (Torjesen, 2017) “While the UK is spending more on the National Health Service, it should also aim to reduce illness through investing in healthy environments. In many towns and cities in Western Europe, priority has been given to the quality of the environment and to inclusive accessibility, and the culture allows children to play in and roam their public realm. [. . .] The comparative study of child health and well-being in OECD countries puts British children as amongst the least healthy and least happy. Spatial planning in its broad sense, and the character of settlements, are part of the UK problem, and need to become part of the solution.” (Barton, 2009) “[There] are immense quality-of-life improvements that come with prioritizing the bicycle as a mobility device, especially among the young and elderly. A 2013 study conducted by UNICEF found that Dutch kids topped the list for overall well-being when compared to children in the world’s 29 wealthiest countries, in part because of their ability to roam freely without parent supervision.” (Bruntlett, 2018) “The basic layout of [Houten] consists of two train stations, each surrounded by a ring road with a radius of approximately one kilometer. The rest of the city is covered by an extensive, 129 kilometer network of bicycle paths. There are 31 residential districts, each of which is only accessible to cars via the peripheral ring roads encircling the town. However, the network of paths for cyclists and pedestrians includes a thoroughfare that passes directly through the town center, providing fltered permeability for cyclists and pedestrians. The majority of schools and important buildings are located along this thoroughfare. Due to this design, cycling is the most direct mode of transportation and is often even faster than travel by car. Houten’s innovative design features along with the city’s persistent policies to favor cyclists and pedestrians have resulted in numerous measured benefts, including improved cyclist and pedestrian safety, increased activity levels of residents, and reduced use of motorized vehicles. Furthermore, this case study demonstrates that innovative design features are not limited to new districts within a city, but can be applied to new cities as a whole.” (Foletta, 2014) Evidence for our response to Question 19. • Taylor, Ian and Sloman, Lynn (2011). Thriving cities: integrated land use and transport planning. • Melia, S (2008). Neighbourhoods should be made permeable for walking and cycling — but not for cars. Local Transport Today, Jan 23 2008. http://www.stevemelia.co.uk/ltt.htm • Torjesen, Ingrid (2017). Cycling to work has substantial health benefits, study finds. BMJ 2017;357:j1944. • Barton, Hugh (2009). Land use planning and health and well-being. Land Use Policy. • Bruntlett, Melissa and Bruntlett, Chris (2018). Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality. Island Press. • Foletta, Nicole (2014). Case Study: Houten. ITDP Europe.

Planning more houses where air quality is already poor and traffic congestion is already a significant problem, seems irresponsible to me. I think that the public transport available in and around Cambridge is in need of considerable improvement. It needs to be more affordable, there needs to be more of it (more services and routes) and people need to be encouraged not to use their cars. Perhaps a London congestion-zone type system (which would presumably need more park and ride style services as well as better public transport. New developments need to be able to link people to work opportunities that are accessible by various means of transport, not car only.

Good cycling infrastructure encourages the use of bikes which have repeatedly been shown to provide excellent health benefits, this needs to be accessible by all. Cycling and walking routes should provide the easiest and most direct routes to get around, while driving should be inconvenient and require large detours. New developments should not be designed to allow pavement or verge parking